---

Technical Description

---

Technical Highlights

HIFREQ calculates the current distribution in networks of buried and overhead conductors and plates, as well as the scalar potentials and electric and magnetic fields generated by the current distribution in the electric network. HIFREQ was designed to solve problems accurately, without ignoring soil characteristics. HIFREQ can model horizontally layered soils with any number of layers of distinct resistivity, relative permittivity and relative permeability. It can also perform these calculations for conductors and plates in an infinite medium. With HIFREQ you can:

• Study transients (such as lightning, switching surges and any conceivable surge problem) and disturbances on power system networks, structures and grounding systems with frequencies ranging from zero to hundreds of megahertz.
• Calculate current and potential distributions in all conductors and plates, EMF values in air and soil and voltages along well-defined paths due to buried and in-air power systems. An arbitrary number of complex current, voltage, and GPR energizations can be defined at arbitrary and different system locations. Additionally, it is possible to specify plane wave or electrostatic field energization.
• Compute electromagnetic interference to pipelines, railways, communication lines, etc., in one single step. Inductive, capacitive and conductive effects are accounted for simultaneously.
• Analyze cathodic protection problems and optimize rectifier capacities and locations on protected structures extending up to hundreds of km.
• Use FFTSES, a fully integrated and automated Fourier Transform tool, to visualize electromagnetic fields in the time domain.
• Study interference due to scattering or calculate current distributions in monopole, quarter-wave, and other antenna structures excited at frequencies reaching hundreds of megahertz.
• Calculate induction between arbitrary circuits at low and high frequencies and during surge conditions.
• Determine self and mutual impedances as well as capacitances of these circuits regardless of whether they are located above or below ground.

---

Technical Features

HIFREQ gives you the following powerful and flexible features:

• Choose to have the software calculate the current distribution in the conductor system automatically based on a set of impressed currents or source voltages, or specify the currents in the conductors explicitly.
• Investigate the effects of different phenomena individually: you can choose, for example to ignore induction effects, or current leakage at the ends of conductors.
• Model networks in various soil types, including: uniform, horizontally layered, perfect or infinite.
• Select a combination of four network energization methods: current injections, voltage sources, GPR energizations (for which the voltage at a point is clamped at a specified value) and an externally applied electromagnetic or electrostatic field.
• Model single-phase transformers as well as various types of three-phase transformers.
• Define coaxial or pipe-type cables in the network.
• Model single-phase or three-phase gas insulated substations (GIS) or gas insulated lines (GIL).
• Model lumped parameters such as a resistor, inductor or capacitor within a conductor.
• Supports bare and coated, hollow and solid conductors.

---

Further Details

Voltage Energization:

A voltage energization represents a simple model for an AC voltage generator. When a voltage energization is specified on a conductor, it increases along the conductor by an amount specified by the user.

---

Lumped Impedances:

It is possible to define the impedance of a conductor by simply attaching a series combination of a resistance, an inductance and a capacitance to the conductor. The program then computes the resulting load impedance at the energization frequency.

---

Potential (or GPR) Energization:

A potential energization can be used to force the scalar potential at the surface of a conductor (GPR) to be at a user-specified value. The current flowing in the conductor is automatically adjusted in order to achieve this potential.

The voltage and potential energizations are often used, together with lumped impedances, to establish appropriate current and voltage levels on transmission lines modeled in HIFREQ. Their usage is not limited to this particular application, however. In fact, it is possible to use these features in HIFREQ to do conventional circuit theory calculations.

---

Coating:

All conductors in HIFREQ can be insulated from the surrounding medium by a physical (i.e. leaky) coating, i.e. a layer of a dielectric material of user-defined thickness, resistivity, permittivity, and permeability.

---

Applied-Field:

The response of a conductor network to the presence of an externally applied electromagnetic field can be very interesting, particularly to simulate the effects of distant lightning strikes or geomagnetic disturbances. HIFREQ can carry out such calculations for two different forms of externally applied fields: a constant (electrostatic) electric field or a general electromagnetic plane-wave. The user-supplied characteristics of the applied field in the air are used to compute the applied field everywhere else, as well as the current distribution in the network. The scattered fields caused by this circulation of current can be obtained.

---

Transformers:

HIFREQ offers a single-phase and three-phase transformer models that make it easy to study systems with multiple voltage levels or the many other applications where transformers are used in the power industry. Two kinds of transformers, namely Ideal and General Transformers, can be defined. The Ideal Transformer is perfect, lossless and infinite in mutual coupling, and is characterized by a Voltage Ratio. The General Transformer model takes into account the self and mutual inductances, resistances and the magnetic flux leakage. Other transformers, such as auto-transformers and three-phase transformers, can be built by combining several single-phase transformers together. A database of pre-built transformers offers the most commonly occurring types of connections available in the industry.

---

Cables:

With HIFREQ, modelling complex, multi-phase cables is as simple as modeling a single solid conductor. HIFREQ allows you to define one or more types of concentric (coaxial) or pipe-type (multi-core) cables. These cable types can then be assigned to network conductors turning those conductors into cables. Coaxial cables can consist of up to three distinct components (the core, sheath and armour) with arbitrary electrical characteristics. Multi-core cables can include any number of coaxial cables surrounded by a pipe enclosure with arbitrary characteristics. The characteristics of the insulating material between the cable components and inside the pipe enclosure can also be specified.

---

GIS and GIL:

Gas insulated substations (GIS) and gas insulated lines (GIL) can be specified as easily as cables and pipe-type cables. A single-phase GIS or GIL is similar to a cable while a three-phase GIS or GIL is similar to the more general Pipe-Type Cable. Modeling such systems in this way ensures proper distribution of fault currents because HIFREQ accounts for inductive effects between the inner conductors and their enclosures.

---

Plates:

Thin metallic plates can be employed to form objects of various kinds, such as transformer tanks, vehicles, electronic cabinets, metallic enclosures, etc., which can be present in substations and other environments subject to electromagnetic interference. The model accounts for currents flowing within plates as well as leakage current flowing out of them and into the environment. Current distribution is determined by automatically subdividing plates into smaller, planar, quadrilateral patches followed by the full-wave solution based on integral equations for computing unknown currents. The calculations account for the internal impedance of the plates. Junctions between wires and plates are fully supported to allow transfer of current in networks having both of these components. With these added features, HIFREQ is capable of providing accurate modeling for a wide class of combined wire-plate problems related to grounding networks and electromagnetic interference.